Cushing syndrome occurs when the body is exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol for an extended period. This condition can arise from the body producing excessive cortisol or from taking medications known as glucocorticoids, which mimic the effects of cortisol.

Symptoms of Cushing Syndrome

The symptoms of Cushing syndrome can vary based on the level of excess cortisol. Common signs include:

• Weight Gain: Notably around the trunk, face (moon face), and between the shoulders (buffalo hump).
• Skin Changes: Pink or purple stretch marks, thin and fragile skin that bruises easily, slow wound healing, and acne.
• Muscle and Bone Issues: Muscle weakness and bone loss, which can lead to fractures.
• Metabolic Changes: High blood pressure and, in some cases, type 2 diabetes.

Symptoms in Women:

• Hirsutism (thick, dark hair on the face and body)
• Irregular or absent menstrual periods

Symptoms in Men:

• Decreased libido
• Reduced fertility
• Erectile dysfunction

Other Symptoms:

• Extreme fatigue
• Emotional changes like depression, anxiety, irritability, and difficulty concentrating
• Insomnia
• Frequent infections
• Headaches
• Skin darkening
• Stunted growth in children

When to See a Doctor

If you experience symptoms of Cushing syndrome, especially if you are taking glucocorticoid medications for conditions like asthma, arthritis, or inflammatory bowel disease, it is crucial to consult your healthcare provider.

Causes of Cushing Syndrome

Cushing syndrome is caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol. Cortisol, produced by the adrenal glands, helps the body respond to stress, regulate blood pressure, reduce inflammation, support cardiovascular function, and manage blood sugar levels.

Exogenous Cushing Syndrome

This type results from taking glucocorticoid medications, which are used to treat conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, asthma, and other inflammatory diseases. These medications can be administered orally, via injection, topically, or through inhalation.

Endogenous Cushing Syndrome

This type occurs when the body produces too much cortisol due to problems within the adrenal or pituitary glands:

• ACTH-Producing Pituitary Adenoma: Non-cancerous tumors in the pituitary gland that produce excess adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), leading to increased cortisol production. This condition is known as Cushing disease and is more common in women.
• Ectopic ACTH-Producing Tumor: Rare tumors that produce ACTH outside the pituitary gland, typically found in the lungs, pancreas, thyroid, or thymus gland. These tumors can be cancerous or benign.
• Adrenal Gland Tumors or Disease: Non-cancerous tumors (adrenal adenomas) or cancerous tumors (adrenocortical carcinoma) in the adrenal glands can lead to excessive cortisol production. Adrenal nodular hyperplasia, where multiple lumps form in the adrenal glands, can also cause Cushing syndrome.
• Familial Cushing Syndrome: Rare inherited conditions that predispose individuals to develop hormone-producing tumors in the endocrine glands.

Complications of Untreated Cushing Syndrome

Without proper treatment, Cushing syndrome can lead to severe complications, including:

• Osteoporosis, leading to fractures
• Hypertension
• Type 2 diabetes
• Serious infections
• Loss of muscle mass and strength

Treatments for Cushing Syndrome

Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing Cushing syndrome. Treatment aims to lower cortisol levels and alleviate symptoms, which can involve:

• Adjusting or discontinuing glucocorticoid medications under medical supervision
• Surgery or radiation therapy to remove tumors
• Medications to control cortisol production

Conclusion

Cushing syndrome is a serious condition that requires medical attention. By understanding the symptoms, causes, and treatment options, individuals can seek timely medical care and improve their chances of recovery. For more detailed information and resources, consider consulting reputable sources like the Mayo Clinic.

Sources

• Mayo Clinic. (n.d.). Cushing syndrome. Retrieved from Mayo Clinic
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (n.d.). Cushing's Syndrome. Retrieved from NIDDK
• Hormone Health Network. (n.d.). Cushing Syndrome. Retrieved from Hormone Health Network