Ascariasis

Ascariasis

Ascariasis

Ascariasis, also known as roundworm infection, is caused by parasites that utilize the human body to mature from larvae or eggs into adult worms. These worms, which can grow to lengths exceeding a foot (30 centimeters), typically appear pink or white with tapered ends. While most cases are asymptomatic, heavy infestation can lead to severe complications.

Symptoms

1. In the Lungs: Initial symptoms may resemble asthma or pneumonia, including persistent cough, shortness of breath, and wheezing.
2. In the Intestines: Symptoms may include vague abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or bloody stools. Severe cases may present with weight loss, fatigue, and the presence of worms in vomit or stool.

Causes

Ascariasis is transmitted through contact with soil containing ascariasis eggs or infected water. Ingestion of contaminated soil, typically through hand-to-mouth contact or consumption of unwashed produce, allows the microscopic eggs to hatch in the small intestine and migrate to the lungs and heart before maturing into adult worms in the intestines.

Life Cycle of the Worm

• Ingestion: Eggs must come into contact with soil to become infective, often through hand-to-mouth contact or consumption of contaminated produce.
• Migration: Larvae hatch in the small intestine and travel to the heart and lungs via the bloodstream or lymphatic system. After maturing, they return to the intestines through the airway.
• Maturation: Once in the intestines, the larvae grow into male or female worms.
• Reproduction: Female worms lay eggs, which are excreted in feces and must mature in soil to become infective.

Risk Factors

• Age: Ascariasis is most common in children under 10 who are more likely to come into contact with contaminated soil.
• Warm Climate: Higher temperatures favor the spread of ascariasis, particularly in regions with poor sanitation.
• Poor Sanitation: In areas where human feces contaminate soil, the risk of ascariasis is elevated.

Complications

While mild cases rarely lead to complications, heavy infestation can result in slowed growth, intestinal blockage or perforation, and duct blockages in the liver or pancreas.

Prevention

Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands before handling food, and avoiding consumption of contaminated water or produce, can help prevent ascariasis infection during travel or in regions with poor sanitation.