Radiation sickness, also known as acute radiation syndrome or radiation poisoning, occurs due to exposure to a high dose of radiation over a short period, resulting in damage to the body. The severity of the illness is determined by the absorbed dose of radiation.
The severity of radiation sickness symptoms depends on various factors such as the strength of the radiated energy, duration of exposure, and proximity to the radiation source. Symptoms are also influenced by the type of exposure, whether total or partial body, and the sensitivity of the affected tissues. For example, tissues like the gastrointestinal system and bone marrow are highly sensitive to radiation.
Initial Symptoms
Treatable radiation sickness typically begins with symptoms like nausea and vomiting. The timeframe between exposure and symptom onset provides insights into the extent of radiation absorption. Following the initial symptoms, individuals may experience a period without noticeable illness, followed by the onset of new, more severe symptoms. Symptom onset may vary depending on the level of exposure, ranging from hours to weeks for mild exposure and minutes to days for high exposure.
Possible symptoms include
Nausea and vomiting
Diarrhea
Headache
Fever
Dizziness and disorientation
Weakness and fatigue
Hair loss
Bloody vomit and stools due to internal bleeding
Infections
Low blood pressure
When to See a Doctor
In the event of an accident or attack causing radiation sickness, immediate medical attention is crucial. Stay informed through radio, television, or online sources for emergency instructions in your area. If you suspect overexposure to radiation, seek emergency medical care promptly.
Causes
Radiation sickness results from exposure to a high dose of radiation, emitted from atoms as waves or tiny particles. It occurs when high-energy radiation damages or destroys certain cells in the body, particularly affecting bone marrow cells and the lining of the intestinal tract.
Risk Factors
Exposure to high-dose radiation increases the risk of radiation sickness. Potential sources of such radiation include accidents at nuclear facilities, attacks on such facilities, detonation of radioactive devices, dirty bombs, and nuclear weapon explosions.
Complications
Radiation sickness can lead to short-term and long-term mental health issues such as grief, fear, and anxiety, related to experiences of a radioactive incident or attack, mourning lost loved ones, coping with a potentially fatal illness, and concerns about the risk of cancer due to radiation exposure.
Prevention
During a radiation emergency, follow protective measures recommended by local authorities, including sheltering in place or evacuating the area. If advised to stay put, secure your surroundings and stay informed through emergency networks. In case of evacuation, adhere to instructions and gather essential supplies, considering restrictions on pets at emergency shelters.
