Achilles
Achilles
Achilles tendon rupture is an injury affecting the back of the lower leg, predominantly observed in individuals engaged in recreational sports, although it can occur in anyone.
The Achilles tendon, a robust fibrous cord linking the muscles at the back of the calf to the heel bone, is vulnerable to complete or partial tearing (rupture) when overstretched.
When an Achilles tendon ruptures, it may be accompanied by a popping sound followed by sharp pain in the back of the ankle and lower leg, often impairing walking. Surgical repair is a common treatment, though nonsurgical approaches are effective for many.
Achilles Symptoms
While some individuals may experience no symptoms, most present with:
- Sensation akin to being kicked in the calf
- Pain and swelling near the heel, potentially severe
- Difficulty bending the foot downward or pushing off the injured leg while walking
- Inability to stand on the toes of the injured leg
- Audible popping or snapping sound at the time of injury
When to Seek Medical Attention
Immediate medical consultation is advised upon hearing a pop in the heel, particularly if walking is impaired.
Causes
The Achilles tendon facilitates foot movements such as pointing downward, rising on the toes, and pushing off while walking, tasks performed with nearly every step.
Rupture typically occurs within approximately 2 1/2 inches (about 6 centimeters) of the point where the tendon attaches to the heel bone, a region prone to rupture due to poor blood flow, which also impedes healing.
Common causes of rupture include sudden increases in tendon stress, such as:
- Intensification of sports participation, especially in activities involving jumping
- Falls from height
- Accidentally stepping into holes
Risk Factors
Factors heightening the risk of Achilles tendon rupture include:
- Age, with the peak risk between 30 to 40 years
- Gender, with men facing up to five times higher risk than women
- Participation in recreational sports, particularly those involving running, jumping, and sudden stops and starts
- Steroid injections and certain antibiotics, both linked to tendon weakening and rupture
- Obesity, which increases tendon strain
Prevention
To minimize the likelihood of Achilles tendon issues:
- Stretch and strengthen calf muscles without causing pain during stretching
- Engage in both high-impact (e.g., running) and low-impact (e.g., walking, swimming) exercises, avoiding excessive stress on the tendons
- Select appropriate running surfaces and attire, including well-cushioned athletic shoes
- Gradually increase training intensity by no more than 10 percent weekly to prevent abrupt strain on the tendons